Interrelatedness of Everything in Indigenous Religions Essay

Interrelatedness of Everything in Indigenous Religions - Essay Example More accurately, interrelatedness was explained through the concept of the circle of right relationships (Fisher, 2005) where the author averred that â€Å"a symbol of unity among the parts of this sacred reality is a circle†¦ many other indigenous people hold the circle sacred because it is infinite—it has no beginning, no end† (p. 38). The relevance of this relationship was developed due to the recognition that previous experiences have proven positive or negative repercussions of one’s actions depend on the kind of parallel action that was inflicted upon others. It was disclosed that â€Å"to maintain the natural balance of the circles of existence, most indigenous peoples have traditionally been taught that they must develop right relationships with everything that is† (Fisher, 2005, p. 39). Finally, the spiritual purposes that these experiences and interrelatedness serve for these indigenous people include preservation of peace, order and balance; not only of the inner self, but also sustaining harmonious relationship with everything else. Indigenous people have acknowledged spirituality as synonymous with unseen power, manifested and exemplified through various ways. As such, through viewing unseen power as something to be feared of, indigenous people go through traditional practices that include purification and sacrifices, among others, to appease the spirits and to be recipients of favors asked.

Evidence Collection Policy Essay Example for Free

Evidence Collection Policy Essay 1.What are the main concerns when collecting evidence? That you are thorough, collect everything, do it in the proper and official manner, and that you do not tamper with or alter anything. 2.What precautions are necessary to preserve evidence state? Usually what is done is all of the evidence is duplicated several times and any processes involved with the investigation are done with the duplicates to ensure that the actual evidence isn’t altered in any way. 3.How do you ensure evidence remains in its initial state? It is duplicated and then stored in climate controlled conditions. 4.What information and procedures are necessary to ensure evidence is admissible in court? Whoever conducts the investigation does so in a previously mandated, official, and legally recognized manner. Information Systems Security Incident Response Policy I. Title A. Name: Information Systems Security Incident Response Policy B. Number: : 20070103-secincidentresp C. Author(s): David Millar (ISC Information Security) and Lauren Steinfeld (Chief Privacy Officer) D. Status: Approved E. Date Proposed: 2005-10-24 F. Date Revised: G. Date Approved: 2007-01-03 H. Effective Date: 2007-01-16 II. Authority and Responsibility Information Systems and Computing is responsible for the operation of Penn’s data networks (PennNet) as well as the establishment of information security policies, guidelines, and standards. The Office of Audit, Compliance and  Privacy has authority to develop and oversee policies and procedures regarding the privacy of personal information. These offices therefore have the authority and responsibility to specify security incident response requirements to protect those networks as well as University data contained on those networks. III. Executive Summary This policy defines the response to computer security incidents. IV. Purpose This policy defines the steps that personnel must use to ensure that security incidents are identified, contained, investigated, and remedied. It also provides a process for documentation, appropriate reporting internally and externally, and communication so that organizational learning occurs. Finally, it establishes responsibility and accountability for all steps in the process of addressing computer security incidents. V. Risk of Non-compliance Without an effective incident response process, corrective action may be delayed and harmful effects unnecessarily exacerbated. Further, proper communication allows the University key learning opportunities to improve the security of data and networks. Individuals who fail to comply are subject to sanctions as appropriate under Penn policies. VI. Definitions Confidential University Data includes: * Sensitive Personally Identifiable Information–Information relating to an individual that reasonably identifies the individual and, if compromised, could cause significant harm to that individual or to Penn. Examples may include, but are not limited to: Social Security numbers, credit card numbers, bank account information, student grades or disciplinary information, salary or employee performance information, donations, patient health information, information Penn has promised to keep confidential, and account passwords or encryption keys used to protect access to Confidential University Data. * Proprietary Information–Data, information, or intellectual property in which the University has an exclusive legal interest or ownership right, which, if compromised could cause significant harm to Penn. Examples may include, but are not limited to, business planning, financial information, trade secret, copyrighted material, and  software or comparable material from a third party when the University has agreed to keep such information confidential. * Any other data the disclosure of which could cause significant harm to Penn or its constituents. Security Incident. There are two types of Security Incidents: Computer Security Incidents and Confidential Data Security Incidents. * A Computer Security Incident is any event that threatens the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of University systems, applications, data, or networks. University systems include, but are not limited to: servers, desktops, laptops, workstations, PDAs, network servers/processors, or any other electronic data storage or transmission device. * A Confidential Data Security Incident is a subset of Computer Security Incidents that specifically threatens the security or privacy of Confidential University Data. User. A Penn user is any faculty, staff, consultant, contractor, student, or agent of any of the above. VII. Scope This policy applies to all Users. It applies to any computing devices owned or leased by the University of Pennsylvania that experience a Computer Security Incident. It also applies to any computing device regardless of ownership, which either is used to store Confidential University Data, or which, if lost, stolen, or compromised, and based on its privileged access, could lead to the unauthorized disclosure of Confidential University Data. Examples of systems in scope include, but are not limited to, a User’s personally owned home computer that is used to store Confidential University Data, or that contains passwords that would give access to Confidential University Data. This policy does not cover incidents involving the University of Pennsylvania Health System (UPHS) information systems, which has a separate incident response policy. ISC Information Security will coordinate with UPHS as appropriate when UPHS computing devices, data, or personnel are involved. VIII. Statement of Policy A. Overview of Penn’s Incident Response Program All Computer Security Incidents must be reported to ISC Information Security promptly. See Section B below. All Confidential Data Security Incidents must: a. Generate the creation of an Immediate Response Team, as designated by the  Information Security Officer (ISO), on a per incident basis. See Section C below. b. Follow appropriate Incident Handling procedures. See Sections C and D below. iii. ISC Information Security, under the direction of the Vice President for Information Systems and Computing (VP-ISC) is responsible for logging, investigating, and reporting on security incidents. See Sections D and E below. B. Identifying and Reporting Computer Security Incidents i. Users and Local Support Providers (LSPs). In the event that a User or an LSP detects a suspected or confirmed Computer Security Incident, the User must report it to his or her Local Security Officer or IT Director for issues including but not limited to viruses, worms, local attacks, denial of service attacks, or possible disclosure of Confidential University Data. ii. Local IT Management. Local IT Management must notify ISC Information Security of all Computer Security Incidents, except for categories of incidents that ISC Information Security may designate in Appendix I of this policy. iii. ISC Information Security. ISC Information Security shall notify appropriate systems administrators and other personnel of all emergency and attack incidents, as well as all suspicious activity incidents when it believes that an administrator’s system is at risk. The system’s administrators will then work with ISC Information Security to properly address the incident and minimize the risk of future occurrences. C. Immediate Response Team i. Purpose. The purpose of each Immediate Response Team is to supplement Penn’s information security infrastructure and minimize the threat of damage resulting from Computer Security Incidents. ii. Per Incident Basis. An Immediate Response Team shall be created for Confidential Data Security Incidents. iii. Membership. Membership on the Immediate Response Team shall be as designated by the ISO. In most cases, members shall include a representative from ISC Information Security and from the affected School or Center’s technical and management staff. iv. Responsibilities. Responsibilities of the Immediate Response Team are to assess the incident and follow incident handling procedures, appropriate to the incident as determined by the ISO. v. Confidentiality. Immediate Response Team members will share information about security incidents beyond the Immediate  Response Team only on a need-to-know basis, and only after consultation with all other team members. D. Incident Handling. For incidents requiring the formation of an Immediate Response Team, the following is a list of response priorities that should be reviewed and followed as recommended by the ISO. The most important items are listed first: i. Safety and Human Issues. If an information system involved in an incident affects human life and safety, responding to any incident involving any life-critical or safety-related system is the most important priority. ii. Address Urgent Concerns. Schools and Centers may have urgent concerns about the availability or integrity of critical systems or data that must be addressed promptly. ISC Information Security shall be available for consultation in such cases. iii. Establish Scope of Incident. The Immediate Response Team shall promptly work to establish the scope of the incident and to identify the extent of systems and data affected. If it appears that personally identifiable information may have been compromised, the Immediate Response Team shall immediately inform the VP-ISC and the Chief Privacy Officer (CPO). iv. Containment. Once life-critical and safety issues have been resolved, the Immediate Response Team shall identify and implement actions to be taken to reduce the potential for the spread of an incident or its consequences across additional systems and networks. Such steps may include requiring that the system be disconnected from the network. v. Develop Plan for Preservation of Evidence. The Immediate Response Team shall develop a plan promptly upon learning about an incident for identifying and implementing appropriate steps to preserve evidence, consistent with needs to restore availability. Preservation plans may include preserving relevant logs and screen captures. The affected system may not be rebuilt until the Immediate Response Team determines that appropriate evidence has been preserved. Preservation will be addressed as quickly as possible to restore availability that is critical to maintain business operations. vi. Investigate the Incident. The Immediate Response Team shall investigate the causes of the incident and future preventative actions. During the investigation phase, members of the incident response team will attempt to determine exactly what happened during the incident, especially the vulnerability that made the incident possible. In short, investigators will attempt to answer the following questions: Who? What? Where? When? How? vii. Incident-Specific Risk  Mitigation. The Immediate Response Team shall identify and recommend strategies to mitigate risk of harm arising from the incident, including but not limited to reducing, segregating, or better protecting personal, proprietary, or mission critical data. viii. Restore Availability. Once the above steps have been taken, and upon authorization by the Immediate Response Team, the availability of affected devices or networks may be restored. ix. Penn-Wide Learning. The Immediate Response Team shall develop and arrange for implementation of a communications plan to spread learning from the security incident throughout Penn to individuals best able to reduce risk of recurrence of such incident. E. Senior Response Team (SRT). If the ISO or CPO in their judgment believe that the incident reasonably may cause significant harm to the subjects of the data or to Penn, each may recommend to the VP-ISC or Associate Vice President for Audit, Compliance and Privacy (AVP-OACP) that a Senior Response Team be established. The Senior Response Team shall be comprised of senior-level officials as designated by the VP-ISC or AVP-OACP. The Senior Response Team shall: i. Establish whether additional executive management should be briefed and the plan for such briefing. ii. Determine, with final approval by the General Counsel, whether Penn shall make best efforts to notify individuals whose personal identifiable information may have been at risk. In making this determination, the following factors shall be considered: a. legal duty to notify b. length of compromise c. human involvement d. sensitivity of data e. existence of evidence that data was accessed and acquired f. concerns about personnel with access to the data g. existence of evidence that machine was compromised for reasons other than accessing and acquiring data h. additional factors recommended for consideration by members of the Immediate Response Team or the Senior Response Team. iii. Review and approve any external communication regarding the incident. F. Documentation i. Log of security incidents. ISC Information Security shall maintain a log  of all reportable security incidents recording the date, School or Center affected, whether or not the affected machine was registered as a critical host, the type of Confidential University Data affected (if any), number of subjects (if applicable), and a summary of the reason for the intrusion, and the corrective measure taken. ii. Critical Incident Report. ISC Information Security shall issue a Critical Incident Report for every reportable security incident affecting machines qualifying as Critical Hosts, or other priority incidents in the judgment of ISC Information Security describing in detail the circumstances that led to the incident, and a plan to eliminate the risk. iii. Annual Summary Report. ISC Information Security shall provide annually for the VP-ISC and AVP-OACP a report providing statistics and summary-level information about all significant incidents reported, and providing recommendation s and plans to mitigate known risks. IX. Best Practices A. Preserving Evidence: It is essential to consult Penn Information Security when handling Computer Security Incidents. However, if Information Security is not available for emergency consultation, the following practices are recommended: i. Generally, if it is necessary to copy computer data to preserve evidence for an incident, it is a good idea to use bit-wise file-system copy utilities that will produce an exact image, (e.g.UNIX dd) rather than to use file level utilities which can alter some file meta-data. ii. When making forensic backups, always take a cryptographic hash (such as an SHA-1 hash) of both the original object and of the copied object to verify the authenticity of the copy. Consult your System Administrator if you have questions. iii. Assigning members to an Immediate Response Team: In cases where an incident involves an investigation into misconduct, the School or Center should consider carefully whom to assign to the Immediate Response Team. For example, one may not wish to assign an IT professional who works closely with the individual(s) being investigated. X. Compliance A. Verification: ISC Information Security and the Office of Audit, Compliance and Privacy will verify any known computing security incidents as having been reported and documented as defined by this policy. B. Notification: Violations of this policy will be reported by ISC Security  and the Office of Audit, Compliance and Privacy to the Senior Management of the Business Unit affected. C. Remedy: The incident will be recorded by ISC Information Security and any required action to mitigate the harmful affects of the attack will be initiated in cooperation with the Business Unit Security Officer/Liaison. D. Financial Implications: The owner of the system shall bear the costs associated with ensuring compliance with this policy. E. Responsibility: Responsibility for compliance with this policy lies with the system administrator, system owner, and Business Unit’s Senior Manager. F. Time Frame: All incidents involving critical hosts systems and networks must be reported immediately. All other incidents should be reported within one business day of determining something has occurred. G. Enforcement: Compliance with this policy will be enforced by disconnecting any machines that may compromise the University network, or other machines with Confidential University Data. Workforce members not adhering to the policy may be subject to sanctions as defined by University policies. H. Appeals: Appeals are decided by the Vice President for Information Systems and Computing. XI. References 1. PennNet Computer Security Policy at www.net.isc.upenn.edu/policy/approved/20040524-hostsecurity.html 2. Critical PennNet Host Security Policy at www.net.isc.upenn.edu/policy/approved/20000530-hostsecurity.html 3. Policy on Computer Disconnection from PennNet at www.upenn.edu/computing/policy/disconnect.html 4. Adherence to University Policy at www.hr.upenn.edu/policy/policies/001.asp 5. Policy on Security of Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI) at www.upenn.edu/computing/security/policy/ePHI_Policy.html Appendix I The following category of incidents need not be reported to Penn Information Security: * Unsuccessful network scans

Geography Environment :: essays research papers

GEOGRAPHY NOTES  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since European settlement between 78 & 100 plant species have become are extinct. 150-200 under threat.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GENETIC DIVERSITY - safeguard species diversity. Large range of genetic forms within each species. Genetic variations.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Extinct- disappearance of species after thorough searching (some extinction is natural)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At risk- in danger of becoming extinct  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Endangered- close to extinction in the wild unless something is done the species could disappear altogether  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vulnerable- The step before endangered  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rare- few of a particular species remain , less serious category than endangered  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction can occur naturally because of climatic change which affects the vegetation on which animals depend.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  MEGAFAUNA-large Australian mammals from the ice age  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aborigines 50000 yrs ago modified asia Australia bridge vegetation through burning it out resulting in dry arid landscapes. This also could have made extinct the megafauna.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Aus since 1788 only 30% of the vegetation remains unmodified to osme degree.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cultural Vegetation means exotic or introduced species, such as those found in ornamental gardens or pine plantations.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The murray darling was dammed affecting surrounding habitats  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Introduced species have had a 3 fold effect on environments 1. Grazing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2. Competition between native and introduced species 3. introduced species can introduce formerly unknown diseases.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In recent years large amounts of insecticide and weedicide have been used and effect the food chain  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Homozygosity- breeding of the same species of animals  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hybridise- mixed breeding of plants  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wildlife is harmed by recreation practises  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Oldest nat. park in Australia is Witches Falls in QLD founded 1908.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rachel Carson’s SILENT SPRING showed the impact that pesticides could have in areas far outside where they were applied.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are using up our renewable resources faster than we can replace them  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unique plant and animal species  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Last remaining rainforest in Aus is between Townsville and Cooktown, it is on the world heritage list

An analytical response to comparing the original novel

Morally different ideas are introduced into the modern appropriation and in the same way, several core ideas pertaining to the 18th century lifestyle are lost. The modern interpretation In essence addresses modern day values through the use of the â€Å"Lice's Adventures In Wonderland† world, whilst retaining the plot line of the original text and presenting the story in a new textual form: film. In addition, both texts sustain features that are of the satirical and ‘literary nonsense' genres. Set In the 18th century, the Ideas surrounding the evolving self of Alice are ransomed, particularly through the visual textual form of film.Lewis Carroll incorporates the value of one's identity, and the way ‘Alice' distorts, changes and questions her identity. This exploration of the power of transformation Is fuelled by the recurring theme of deception, questioning what Is real, and what Is a dream. The characters In Wonderland' continually ask Alice who she Is. As a resul t, she questions her identity, and the novel becomes a journey of her exploring who she is, and deciding whether or not this reality is one that she likes.This questioning f identity Is particularly seen by the poetic and deceptive nature of the language ‘cat' uses In the novel. ‘Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? † â€Å"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to†, said the Cat. â€Å"l don't much care where†, said Alice. â€Å"Then it doesn't matter which way you go,† said the Cat. Through the use of low modality from Alice, and very much high modality from the characters of Wonderland such as ‘car, Carroll demonstrates the vulnerability of Alice, and how this vulnerability deteriorates throughout the novel as she becomes ere of herself.Due to the novel first being published in the late sass's, Carroll is very much exploring an idea which was not seen very often in his time, that of society being for ced to abide by the strict standards of being ‘prim and proper', and thus falling Into mainstream society. Carroll, however, throughout the novel discusses ideas of Alice going against what society would expect of her, and this is seen in many occasions of her evading orders of her elders. One such example would be her Interaction with the ‘Red Queen', an antagonist In the novel, but nevertheless an adult.Through the use of shifts In language forms, Carroll demonstrates who Is holding power in a conversation. In particular, this is seen in one of Lice's final their interaction, where the Red Queen is dominant, giving orders to Alice in high modality, and in the end, where the Red Queen is speaking in short, truncated sentences, such as â€Å"Off with her head! â€Å", and â€Å"Never again! â€Å". Symbolism through the use of language is further transformed through the motif of a â€Å"White rabbit in a red waistcoat†.This rabbit is always Just out of Lice's reach, and is very much reflecting memories of her father, who passed away when she was young. Much like her, he had a quirky sense to him, and Alice echoes his words when she says, â€Å"The only way to achieve the impossible is to believe it is possible. † The use of the rabbit being represented as wearing the same clothing as her father once had, and that within the story she is trying to follow the rabbit, is symbolic of Alice finding herself, and shaping her identity to become more like her father.It is through the use of various literary techniques such as symbolism and poetic language that Carroll uses the context of ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland' to reflect the power of transformation, ND how it changes Alice over the course of the novel. This same exploration of one's identity is seen within the modern appropriation of the text: ‘Alice in Wonderland', a film directed by Tim Burton. The same idea of one's changing identity is transformed by the change i n context, from an 18th century novel, to a 21st century film adaptation.Burton explores the same themes through the use of ‘Alice', the protagonist of the film, saturating social values of being ‘prim and proper', and going against her peers and elders, who simply want her to marry off to omen her parents chose and not allow her to do what she wants in order to be happy. One of her friends' in the film says, mirror life will be as happy as mine! You shall marry Hams, it is decided. † Alice, of course, does not accept this from the very start, and this is conveyed through the use of shaking camera shots, and close ups of Alice showing her looking off into the distance, showing her complete disinterest.Alice makes a comment to her mother, later in this scene, saying, â€Å"What if proper was wearing a codfish on your head? Would you wear it? † Alice is rejecting society expectations, and so her solution to finding herself is running away from expectations of her and falling down a rabbit hole. Burton transforms the characters of Wonderland to frame Lice's changing self, when the paradoxical character of the Mad Hatter, who is one of the only characters who is concurrent with Alice in his views.The Mad Hatter and Alice share the core idea of not living their lives for society, and this is seen before the climax of the movie, where the Mad Hatter says, Mimi cannot live your life to serve others. â€Å"†¦ â€Å"When you step out to fight, you will step out alone. Through the use of makeup artistry and computer generated imagery, the Mad Hatter is visually depicted with strange features such as bright orange hair, a pale white face and abnormally large eyeballs.He is established as an eccentric and peculiar character and through the close relationship that the Mad Hatter and Alice develop, a link between his peculiarity and Lice's different views on society are made. To keep ‘Alice in Wonderland' true to its original text, â₠¬ËœLice's Adventures in Wonderland' the crucial difference of context is evident in the change of textual form, ND thus the use of literal imagery is transformed to convey characters, values and themes true to the original text. Society has greatly transformed. In both texts, the protagonists are women who show great courage.In ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland', Alice is a young girl undergoing puberty, and is dealing with the struggles of growing as a person physically and emotionally. Similarly, in the film adaptation, Alice is being prepared for an arranged marriage, based upon financial security and social class. What accompanies this exploration are themes of patriarchy and struggles of women in the context of Carol's time. The first of such explorations occurs in chapter two of the novel where Alice has her first conversation with ‘mouse'. â€Å"OÃ'Ëœ est. ma chatty†?Are her first words, and this French phrase means, â€Å"where is my cat†. The phrase itself is only an opening sentence to further dialogue, but the use of French language, only spoken by Alice throughout the novel, is a way of Carroll saturating the ideals of young girls in the Victorian era taking French lessons. The exploration of the value of women in the novel is reflective of the context in which it was written in, and this is seen from ultimate French references and puns interlaced into the story by Carroll. In the Victorian era, young girls growing up were pre-destined to live lives of obedience and purity.Besides Alice, the Queen of Hearts is the only other significant female character. The Queen of Hearts is portrayed with short, truncated sentences with high modality and no respect for others, and this portrayal is reflective of the Victorian era: A woman with too much power bringing about a chaotic dyspepsia. It is evident that through the exploration of themes involving power and gender trudges, that Carroll has taken a satirical point of view for the novel, and through this point of view, Carroll explores the values that underpin the context of this novel: the Victorian era.The film ‘Alice in Wonderland' opens with a scene involving Lice's father being criticized for his opinion, and then Alice walking into the room, interrupting the conversation, due to a nightmare. This opening scene sets the entire motion of the film, where the responder follows Lice's Journey of acceptance, and her attempts to discover her identity, and find the courage to overcome such threats. The opening of the film actually follows the Journey of two females: Alice and her mother.They converse with other women who are all in pursuit of a man in possession of good fortune, as a result of society's emphasis and pressure upon the importance of wealth. During 18th century England, socially profitable marriages were widely accepted as â€Å"normal†. This opening scene of the film is an example of Tim Burtons direct inter-textual references betwee n the novel and the 21st century film. It is through this opening scene that Burton foreshadows the coming chase for identity ND acceptance as both a young adult, and as a woman.In the lead up to the climax of the film: Lice's fight with the Jawbreakers, Alice in distress says, â€Å"From the day I fell down that hole, Eve been told what I have to do, and who I have to be. â€Å"†¦ â€Å"L made this place, this is MY dream†. Despite Alice directly referring to the world of Wonderland' as a dream, Burton is providing a psychoanalytical perspective of Lice's thoughts through the film as a whole. Alice is proclaiming that ever since she fell down that hole' she's been told what to do. This sentence directly matches with the coming agitated due to Alice not wanting to wear her corset or stockings. No corset? And your stockings†¦? † This insecurity as a woman is paired with Lice's constant battle of identity. The battle Alice faces is to find a place in society a s a woman, and this is portrayed by Burton through the use of cinematic techniques and makeup artistry. Alice is constantly portrayed from high angle oblique shots, which give the connotation of Alice being small, in comparison to her surroundings. Alice is also portrayed in the same blue dress, which quickly gets dirtied and blackened up until she fights the ‘Jawbreakers – a dragon-like creature, where she is suited in a suit of armor.The effect of having Lice's dress stay the same, and only get blackened, is reflective of how much, like her dress, she wants to change who she is as a woman, but society doesn't allow her. Within Wonderland, a projection of Lice's subconscious, as opposed to being bound as to what to wear by her mother, there simply is no way to change except by force, when the Red Queen orders her a clean dress of a different kind, much like her mother does in the opening scene of the film.The theme of growing up as a young lady pressured by these socia l ideals, and instead rebelling in the real world and in Wonderland', is a contrast to the original novel by Lewis Carroll, and this is very much reflective of the 21st century culture of acceptance. Equality amongst all people, man or woman, is an idea that has only emerged in the 20th-21st centuries, from a developing post-modern society. This emerging idea is representative in the character of Alice, and her struggles with being a woman, which is finally overcome with her final scene of slaying theJawbreakers, where Alice has truly shown courage when faced with the largest threat of all: a fire-breathing monster. From the early 18th century until the current 21st century, the value of religion and spirituality has greatly transformed. In the late 18th century, a high amount of value was placed into the beliefs of Catholicism and Christianity. This was also the beginning of a time where society was starting to question religious ideas and teachings, and disorder and confusion was beginning to form. This confusion and exploration is discussed within ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland' and similarly,Lice's exploration and wonder in the film adaptation is one of remembering her past self who visited Wonderland, and being presented with new ideas, and questioning values from the real world. The role of religion included providing education, spirituality and cultural acceptance in the Victorian era, and elements of Catholicism are seen throughout the novel. The first of such references is seen in Lice's conversation with the Cheshire cat where she asks, â€Å"Would you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here? â€Å"That depends a good deal on where you want to get to†, said the Cat. L don't much care where†, said Alice. â€Å"Then it doesn't matter which way you go,† said the Cat. This phrase with the Cheshire cat is reflective of Carol's emotional state, as he was an Anglican all his life, but in the stage of his life where he began starting his own family, he began questioning the morals and ideals of the Anglican church, much like Alice, who is unsure where to go and is forgetting her past. â€Å"l knew who I was this morning, but Eve changed a few times since then. Opportunities to rebel against society and more importantly to rebel against ones century. It is as a result of society's overall view that Carroll incorporates ambiguous ideas of religion and desperate hope to find order from chaos through the use of complex wordplay relating to core religious values. In contrast to the 18th century novel ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland', the film adaptation by Tim Burton discusses religion/supernatural values and themes in a post-modern light, much like the context in which it was written.The idea of chaos being created from the fear of the unknown is an idea set by the fragmented ideas of religious values/imagery. The main example of magic/supernatural happenings is established when Alice falls d own a seemingly small rabbit hole she barely fits into. The size of this large tunnel is then shown to be much larger than once thought, and Burton uses the technique of a long-shot camera angle, and computer generated imagery to give the illusion Alice is falling down a hole kilometers deep: a feat unachievable by a rabbit.The reader is then plunged into a world where gravity shifts upside down, where pianos play themselves, cakes cause Alice to grow meters taller, and to shrink to Just a few inches tall. The same themes that underpin the alee of religion are essentially there, with the figure of a morphing cat helping Alice on her way. The key difference is the context the film was created in: the 21st century.The film was created in a time where in a post-modern society, expressing religious values was Just as discriminatory as putting down another religion, so any references to a specific religion are eliminated from the film adaptation. This, however, does not stop Burton from exploring the idea of the supernatural world, and Lice's world of Wonderland' is reflective of the character of Alice pondering on the value she holds in the supernatural world.The responder is met with the harsh reality that Alice keeps convincing herself, â€Å"This is my dream, I can do what I want†¦ I'm going to wake up soon, and you'll be gone†¦ â€Å". This idea of assurance in the supernatural world is twisted through the use of scarring from a creature in Wonderland' carrying across to the real world, when Alice climbs out of the hole into the real-world, a prime example of post-modern techniques such as textual ambiguity changing the way in which a value is explored, but retaining the same moral value as the original text.It is through the change in textual form that Burton explores the same themes and values held in the original text ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland' but with a change in context – a post-modern perspective of chaos in the area of r eligion: not knowing what the future may hold. The film adaptation ‘Alice in Wonderland' cleverly depicts many themes and motifs that pertain towards the context of the original novel: 18th century England.The film achieves this through a similar plot line belonging to ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland'. In essence, it is the core values of religion, gender and identity that are transformed into the modern and cultures view on society, whilst retaining the original setting. Contextually, the texts are considerably different and although this is the case, the film adaptation is an effective appropriation of ‘Lice's Adventures in Wonderland'.It is important to emphasis the target 21st century audience and the value of this film, when placed in this genre. Through stylistic features relevant to the religious/supernatural imagery that remain to be of importance in a modern day society. The high cultured language used by Carroll within his novels is lost in this modern a ppropriation, however this is done in favor of effectively depicting the struggles and successes of the 18th century woman.

Quantitative Analysis of Vitamin C in Food Products Essay

There is growing evidence that Vitamin C serves as a potent antioxidant in vitro. There are many functions that Vitamin C has in the body among which is the capacity to improve the immunity system such that a person is more able to fight off colds and flus. Pre-Lab: List five other functions of Vitamin C in the human body. Vitamin C is another name for ascorbic acid. There is a marked similarity between the structure of glucose and Vitamin C. As a matter of fact, plants and most animals are able to synthesize Vitamin C from glucose. Unfortunately, humans are unable to do this and we must include Vitamin C in our diet or we risk a vitamin deficiency disease. We all recognize citrus fruits as a valuable vitamin C source, but few of us realize that many freshly harvested vegetables contain considerably more of this vitamin than do oranges or lime. Unfortunately, storage and processing destroy most of the Vitamin C in vegetables before they reach the consumer. Consumer cooking methods further decrease the amount of vitamin C in vegetables. Vitamin C is water soluble and thus leaches out while cooking or steaming. One useful analytical method for measuring the Vitamin C content of a vegetable or fruit involves an oxidation-reduction titration of ascorbic acid. In the titration, ascorbic acid is oxidized to form dehydroascorbic acid. You might think it unusual to oxidize the acid rather than titrate it with a base. However, biological samples contain many substances that also act as acids (as was mentioned in Experiment 3) and thus interfere in a titration of ascorbic acid with a base. In contrast, many fewer components of biological materials interfere with the oxidation of ascorbic acid by the oxidizing agent 2, 6-dichloroindophenol (DCP). Thus, an oxidation-reduction titration of ascorbic acid with DCP provides a more selective analysis than would an acid-base titration. Please note the equation for the reaction below: C6H8O6 (colorless) + C12H7O2NCl2(red) –> (pH3) C6H6O6 (Colorless) + C12H9O2NCl2 (colorless) This titration is particularly convenient because DCP also serves as its own indicator. As we add DCP solution to a solution containing Vitamin C, the reaction mixture remains colorless until all of the Vitamin C has been converted to dehydroascorbic acid. The next drop of DCP solution added imparts a red color from excess DCP to the mixture, indicating both the equivalence point and the endpoint of the titration. (Expect solution to go from red to colorless —–then at the endpoint red again). Because DCP solutions have a relatively short shelf life, we usually standardize such solutions immediately prior to using them. We can perform the standardization conveniently by titrating aliquots of an ascorbic acid solution prepared from an accurately-weighed sample of reagent-grade ascorbic acid. The standardization titration reaction is the same as the analysis reaction above. In this experiment, you will begin by standardizing a DCP solution. Then you will determine the vitamin C content of liquid and solid food samples by titration with the standardized DCP solution. Prior to performing the titrations, you will treat the food samples with metaphosphoric acid. Treatment with this acid serves to denature and precipitate proteins that would otherwise interfere with the analysis. Acidification of thesample also serves to stabilize the ascorbic acid, which will otherwise decompose and be undetectable. Acidification to pH less than 4 also minimizes reaction of DCP with other compounds which react with DCP only at pH levels greater than 4.

How Did the Disability Program Begin

How Did the Disability Program Begin How Did the Social Security Disability Program Begin? Nearly 63 years ago, the Social Security Disability Insurance program was signed into law. But how did we get there? In honor of the upcoming anniversary of the programs passage, we take a look at how it all began.The Creation of Social Security  U.S. social workers and social scientists advocated for insurance that would protect Americans from illness, unemployment, old age and work-related injuries. European countries had already established programs protecting its citizens, and movements sprang up in the United States for this cause.In response to growing pressure, in 1934, President Roosevelt created the Committee on Economic Security. Chaired by his Secretary of State, Frances Perkins, the committee created a report outlining legislation for a social security program.Ironically, the report mentioned how illness is a major factor in economic instability, but no clear recommendations were made for disability legislation at that time.The findings in the report established the bas is of the Social Security Act, which was signed by Roosevelt in 1935. The Social Security Board (now known as the Social Security Administration) was established the same year.It wasn’t until more than two decades later when the Social Security Disability Insurance program was established in 1956. Let’s take a closer look at some of the highlights on the road to creating the federal disability program.Making the Case for the Impact of Disability Economic Challenges Leading up to its establishment, many key figures fought to pass disability benefits.Economist Edwin E. Witte led the Social Security Administration’s Advisory Council. In a 1938 report, he argued that benefits should be available for Americans who become permanently disabled before 65, and that the benefits should also be available for their dependents.In an Advisory Council report in 1948, council members stated that up to 2 million Americans suffer from disabilities on any given day, which made it impossible for them to work and provide for their families. They reasoned that the economic challenges of disabilities were far greater than those of old age.Aid to the Permanently and Totally DisabledArthur Altemeyer, the leader of the SSA for nearly twenty years, made various proposals about the disability program during his time as a leader. In 1949, he proposed a federal disability insurance program to the House Ways and Means Committee. A variation of the legislation passed as the Aid to the Permanently and Totally Disabled, and only provided federal grants to states to oversee the program.The Disability Freeze – Protecting Disabled Workers Social Security Benefits In 1952, Altmeyer created the idea of the disability freeze, which protected workers’   who were forced to leave the workforce due to a disability. Under the freeze, disabled workers could still collect social security benefits at the normal retirement age.In 1954, the freeze was supported by the Eis enhower administration and passed. The freeze defined disability as â€Å"the inability to engage in substantial gainful activity due to a medically determinable physical or mental impairment that could be expected to result in death or to be of long-continued and indefinite duration.†To be eligible, an applicant must have a solid work history and his or her condition must have lasted for at least six months. In order to determine eligibility, it was decided that individual states would make the decisions, with agreements with the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.The Disability Determination Process 1n 1955, the Medical Advisory Committee (MAC) was created, which included medical physicians and representatives from various organizations, such as labor unions and hospital administration. The MAC was responsible for creating standards for evaluating disability and worked in conjunction with state agencies and the SSA.The group established changes to the disability determination process. It stated that:An applicant’s physical or mental condition must prohibit applicants from performing substantial gainful activityThe condition must be expected to last for a year or is terminalThe impairment must meet or equal one or more of the listings in the SSA’s Listing of impairmentsIf a serious impairment does not equal the listings, an applicant’s age, education and work history are evaluatedIf a person can no longer complete work he or she did in the past or complete new work, they are considered disabledPassage of Social Security Disability Insurance In 1955 The House of Representatives created legislation that would establish disability insurance for disabled workers who were 50-years-old and older. Debates between the House, Senate and organizations such as the American Medical Association became heated.After a close vote, President Eisenhower signed the Social Security Disability Insurance bill into law on August 1, 1956. The disability program provided cash benefits to applicants between the ages of 50-64. Children who were disabled before the age of 18 of retired or deceased workers were also eligible.After decades of fighting for the rights of the disabled, the passage of the Social Security Disability program was a victory for advocates and the disabled.Impact of the Program In the 63 years after its passage, the SSD program has undergone various expansions and changes. The program has helped millions of disabled Americans and dependents during the most difficult times in their lives.At a Glance:  Approximately 10 million disabled workers, disabled widows/widowers and adult children received SSD benefits in 2017.About 6% of Michigan’s population of 18-64-year-olds (374,899) receive disability benefits.The most common conditions are diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (36.7%) followed by mental disorders, neoplasms, diseases of the circulatory system and diseases of the nervous system and sense organs.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan  works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the  Social Security Disability Benefits  they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or cognitive impairment, call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  now for a free consultation at  800-701- 5524.Let Michigan’s experienced Social Security Disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. disability lawyers, Michigan Disability Attorney, social security disability program, social security disability program history

Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essays

Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essays Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essay Why Public Schooling is better than Private Schooling Essay The post industrial period in most of the developed nations witnessed an upsurge of attacks being leveled against public schooling with private schools being hailed as the epitome of quality education.   A close analysis of the situation on the ground however does not indicate any discernible variations in the admission into public schools.   Though private enrolment may have increased over the years, public schools are still the bastion of education in the United States.   Recent research and indeed many scholars are in agreement that public schooling offers a student with a number of benefits in terms of cost, teachers’ certification, special education and a curriculum that is far reaching in addition to many others.Private schools refer to schools which do not source their facilities and finances from the government or the local authorities.   History of private schooling dates back to the colonial era when most of them were operated by the C atholic missionaries.   Such schools are different by structure and have been known to serve a select group of individuals due to the major existing differences from the mainstream.One of the core advantages of public schooling over private schooling is cost.   A comparison between the two demonstrates huge disparities.   Whereas a public college an year costs less than $6,000, private schools is well over $30,000 annually on the lower scale.   This cost could be higher than this as it depends on the prestige of the college.   Private institutions are more expensive as they charge higher tuition fees whereas public schools charge lower rate or do not charge at all.   This is the major factor that attracts most parents to public schools. One of the reasons behind this is that private schools are not supposed to receive any public funding and have to survive on a budget that is completely financed by parents through tuition fees or donations.   Public schools on the othe r hand are financed through tax revenues.   The cost is highly subsidized by the government through the taxpayers’ money.   The amount of the cost that is subsidized depends on the level of education.   Basic education is subsidized more than in the tertiary level.   Community colleges and public universities may charge some amount of tuition fee but still they cost far much lower than the private ones. Private schools on the other hand according to Gormley (45) oblige parents â€Å"to pay twice for their children’s education once for the public schools with their tax payments and again for the private school with their tuition payments†.Another factor that may drive a parent to choose public schooling is the availability of special programs.   The United States constitution broadly outlines the need for all Americans to access education as a basic right.   Such education is to be provided indiscriminately and the public schools respond accordingly t o such a quest.   The Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) enacted by the congress ensures that all children have access to a â€Å"free appropriate public education which emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs.† (Imber Geer 146).   Such a mandate is on the public schools only.   Private schools do not offer specialized education and those that do it, do so at the cost of the student.   A look at some of the private schools indicate that rarely do they have a program for students with special needs but some might have programs for gifted students in combination to the general program.   Such discrimination in education provision is likely to put off parents with a child that requires special attention.   There are private schools that specialize in special education, but it has to be noted that such schools do not run parallel programs with the general programs and such specialized attention is more expensive com pared to the one in the public schools (Benveniste 2).A look at the curriculum of public schools in the United States reveals that it is broad and provides an individual with an opportunity of learning broad subjects.   Decisions on the curriculum are made and controlled by the government with the plight of all individuals in mind.   On the other hand, private schools curriculum is structured and controlled to fit a particular view point depending on the management’s whims.   Such control and narrow view of the curriculum can be detrimental to a child’s understanding of important aspects of life.   According to Klein (48) reservations on private education have been expressed that it â€Å"will be used to inculcate the child in the parent’s preferred way of life, thereby frustrating the child’s right to open future.†Ã‚   Indeed, public schools offer students an exposure to a wide range of programs both academic and co-curricular such as arts and music. Private schools may not be able to offer such programs due to cost constraints and when they do they might be accessed discriminately on the basis of affordability (Ingraham 218).Another reason why public schooling is better than private schooling centers on teachers.   The government has outlined specific criteria for choosing and allocating qualified teachers to public schools.   Teachers in public schools must meet certain minimum qualifications and certification of training.   This ensures that students are being taught by trained professionals.   Such strict requirements are not placed upon teachers in private schools.   Such certification is not a mandatory requirement for private schools and hence professionalism may be compromised (United States Department of Labor, 229)Diversity is also another benefit that public schools have over private schools.   As afore mentioned, most private schools target a specific clique of individuals depending on the man agement’s policy.   Such distinctions may be as a result of cost, religion orientation and location.   Some private schools may have a tradition of admitting students that meet certain criteria while discriminating against the rest.   On the other hand, admission to public schools is open and any individual can be admitted regardless of race, color, creed or economic income.   Leaning through the public system hence accords an individual an opportunity to interact with people of diverse backgrounds and learn to understand the larger society better.   There is no legislation to govern the composition of private schools and hence they lack in this advantage (Bacchi 18)In deed there are numerous advantages that public schools have over private schooling.   However, there are certain benefits for private schools that have been identified.   The first one is on performance.   The major argument that dominates this topic is that private schools perform better and pa rents are likely to get a value for their money.   This however is a point that has been put into disrepute by recent findings released by the United States Education Department which claimed that indeed public schools perform well in school â€Å"when difference in students background are taken into account† (Chamberlain).   The same conclusion is reached at by Ladd (170) who does not see any â€Å"positive effects of attending private schools†, claiming further that an individuals performance can only be â€Å"explained by the characteristics of the students, not the performance of the school.†The argument also on the private schools being better because they offer smaller classes may hold some water if it indeed reflects a high academic performance.   However, it fails to recognize the above mentioned benefits of diversity. Education requires a multifaceted approach that encompasses both academic and co-curricular excellence.   Public schools have an opportunity of providing both and hence are better than private schools. In addition, as has been mentioned above, they cost less and their admission is open to all in the society as long as one meets the set general criteria.

Sacar residencia permanente para viudos de ciudadanos

Sacar residencia permanente para viudos de ciudadanos Los viudos de ciudadanos americanos pueden obtener la residencia permanente. El à ºnico requisito es estar casados en el momento del fallecimiento  y tratarse de un matrimonio de buena fe, no uno fraudulento realizado con el à ºnico propà ³sito de conseguir los papeles. Esto aplica tanto a los matrimonios heterosexuales como a los igualitarios, es decir, a los gays. La ley actual aplica desde el 28 de octubre de 2009. Con anterioridad a esa fecha era necesario que el matrimonio se hubiera celebrado al menos dos aà ±os antes del fallecimiento del cà ³nyuge estadounidense para que su viudo o viuda pudiera obtener la residencia permanente. Ahora ya no es necesario ese requisito. En este artà ­culo se informan de los 2 supuestos que pueden darse, cà ³mo es el procedimiento y el problema de plazos que puede surgir. Casos para que los viudos puedan obtener la residencia permanente Pueden darse 2 supuestos distintos. En primer lugar, cuando el ciudadano fallece tras haber solicitado la green card para su marido o mujer. Es decir,  antes de fallecer se envià ³ al USCIS la forma I-130. En este supuesto no hay que rellenar ningà ºn formulario ms ya que de forma automtica las autoridades migratorias cambiarn esa forma a la I-360.   Adems, si el fallecido no habà ­a solicitado la residencia para sus hijastros menores de 21 aà ±os que està ©n solteros, podr hacerlo en ese momento el viudo o viuda. En estos casos habr que probar que el ciudadano fallecido y su esposo o su mujer no se habà ­an separado legalmente ni tampoco divorciado. Por à ºltimo, resaltar que mientras no salen los papeles no se puede casar de nuevo. Si lo hace perder su derecho a obtener la residencia permanente. En segundo lugar  es posible que  el ciudadano fallezca  sin haber presentado los papeles para pedir a su cà ³nyuge. En estos casos el viudo o viuda podr solicitarse as sà ­ mismo, y obtener la residencia permanente mediante el formulario  I-360. Si bien deber presentarla ante el USCIS antes de que pasen dos aà ±os a contar desde el dà ­a de fallecimiento de su cà ³nyuge. Por ejemplo, si el ciudadano estadounidense fallecià ³ el 1 de mayo de 2012, los papeles deben enviarse antes del 30 de abril de 2014. En estos casos tambià ©n se podr incluir en la peticià ³n a los hijastros del fallecido que sean solteros y menores de 21 aà ±os.   Asimismo, hay  que demostrar que los esposos no estaban ni divorciados ni separados legalmente en el momento del fallecimiento. Adems, el viudo no podr contraer nuevo matrimonio mientras est pendiente de que le salga la residencia permanente. En los 2 supuestos, si adems el ciudadano fallecido era militar y su fallecimiento ocurrià ³ en combate, el viudo/a debe asesorare porque puede tener derecho a beneficios especiales en aplicacià ³n de la ley 108-136. Diferentes trmites dependiendo del paà ­s de residencia del viudo Si el viudo vive en Estados Unidos adems de la peticià ³n I-130 (si ya la habà ­a presentado el cà ³nyuge fallecido) o el I-360, se debe solicitar un ajuste de estatus mediante la forma I-485. Se puede presentar conjuntamente con la I-360 o en un momento posterior. (Si el fallecido habà ­a pedido a su cà ³nyuge es muy posible que el ajuste de estatus ya està © pedido, en este caso no hay que volver a hacerlo). Es importante destacar que los migrantes indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no pueden ajustar su estatus. Las personas en esta situacià ³n deben asesorarse con un abogado antes de iniciar o seguir los trmites. Sin embargo, los migrantes que sà ­ pueden ajustar su estatus pueden solicitar un permiso de trabajo mientras espera a que se apruebe. Asimismo, pueden pedir un documento para viajar que se conoce como advance parole y que permite salir y entrar de nuevo en Estados Unidos sin ningà ºn problema. Estos dos beneficios se solicitan con el ajuste de estatus. Por el contrario, si el viudo vive fuera del paà ­s debe esperar a que finalice todo el proceso para ser autorizado a ingresar a Estados Unidos como residente. Es lo que se conoce como procedimiento consular. Problemas para obtener la green card para los viudos de ciudadanos Para obtener la residencia permanente no es suficiente ser viudo de un ciudadano. Adems,  hay que cumplir con los requisitos generales de admisibilidad. Si no se cumplen, la tarjeta de residencia ser negada. Entre todos los posibles problemas destaca, por su frecuencia, el de aplicacià ³n del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os, que tiene gran impacto si se est fuera de los Estados Unidos o si se est dentro y se entrà ³ al paà ­s ilegalmente. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal

Writing seminar Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Writing seminar - Assignment Example This was achieved through consultation with scholarly, professional and primary sources. The paper also sought to relate the relevance of Johnson’s patterns of innovation with our test environment. Steven Johnsons observes, most innovations come from improving and modifying all possibilities. He strongly argues with examples that you cannot reap from an engine that is powered by steam to fly a jet rather improvements on innovations. In his theory, Johnsons notes that most innovations and discoveries are replicated independently within a period of short duration. For instance according to Johnson, four individual carrying out their normal activity discovered sunspots at a same point. Two of them worked on developing a battery while the rest importance in genetically mutation. Another observation from this man was the size of the city. He holds that cities that are bigger are more innovative than small cities. However, he attributes this to more idea sourced from universities in these cities and the fact that they have more creative people. (OECD 2011, 329) It is however fascinating to note that his theory, contends that when people remain in close doors tend to be more creative. The important implication being, stuffing people in private offices would result into innovation. According to (Milton et al 2005, 98), there is a memory enhanced power that is gained from operating in a common place. Reading from Darwin’s book created a desire to discover links of association. Archimedes notes that taking mind away from the main task sometimes helps in building creativity. People sometimes wonder how you can free your mind. You can achieve this through taking a walk, answering a mail or helping children do their homework. Another way of facilitating innovation is reading. This include following great thoughts from authors of books and to some extents internet. When professional work closely or in a close proximity there is improved

Power of Sina Weibo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Power of Sina Weibo - Essay Example The Sina Weibo case in China is just one example of how popular social media celebrities exert influence on their followers and how this can have detrimental impact on the government in terms of policy changes. Charles Xue more commonly known by his Sina Weibo screen name Xue Manzi confessed to having made mistakes pertaining to his online posts on the social network (Zhai 2013, n.pag.). Xue confessed to his crimes as a micro blogger on Sina Weibo where he presumably spread rumors (Custer 2013, n.pag.). A charge was filed against Xue along with other micro bloggers. However, Xue has set himself apart and is acting as an example to admit to his blogging crimes thereby helping the government to regulate the internet. At first, this might seem quite trivial however the impact of social networks on a country’s interest and government policies cannot be undermined. According to Shirky, the internet and social media is a place of varied players including citizens, activists, NGOs (N on Governmental Organizations), telecom companies, software houses, governments, and so on (2011, 1). The presence of various actors on the internet and social media has raised concerns regarding its ability to influence a particular country’s interests and government policies. ... However, his actions and confession sends out a completely opposite message to his millions of fans and followers and Xue now seems to be remorseful. He hopes to set an example by admitting his online crimes and helping the government to regulate the content on the internet. Much of the concern regarding the regulation of internet in particular social websites like Sina Weibo arises from the fact that pressure fuelled up by public opinion communicated over Weibo resulted in a change in government policy regarding air pollution. Also, the government was forced to start reporting the PM 2.5 levels in a timely manner (Custer 2013, n.pag.). Not only this, but public opinion regarding corrupt and inefficient government officials over Sina Weibo resulted in the removal of these officials from office. The spread of rumor online has caused the government to censor online content particularly on social websites like Sina Weibo. As of now, several posts and images have been removed and deleted from Sina Weibo website as a result of censorship (â€Å"China’s Memory Hole† 2013, n.pag.). Unlike the United States, the social media in China is highly decentralized which is why the responsibility of censorship falls under numerous internet service providers (King, Pan, and Roberts 2013, 1). Thus, the government has employed a method which fines or takes other actions against them is they fail to comply with the government requirements regarding censorship. This step, as King, Pan and Roberts explain, has been taken â€Å"to limit freedom of speech† and therefore restricts the expression of public opinion. The censorship efforts have been great even though China is not a top inhibitor of press freedom. Xue, who is considered to be a strong opinion leader

Chronically ill and disabled people Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chronically ill and disabled people - Assignment Example One day, the news of his arrest filled the air. We were all shocked that the John we knew was a criminal and was now behind bars. It was hard to believe because every time he would tell us how crime was evil and the very many young people lost due to criminal involvement. Here he was behind bars because he was caught with illegal drugs. It is difficult to understand how such an individual who seemed to have the right words for every situation was now the one accused of peddling drugs in the local community. In most instances, the police claim that he was the main depot from where most of the drugs would emanate and spread over to the community. He was the link to many of the people who were using drugs in the community. He was the one nurturing criminals and allowing them to roam the streets as they sought new clients for his products. He was always cool at school though he had to answer so many calls after classes. He would always excuse himself and we all thought it was good phone etiquette and did not read much into this. However, these flashbacks slowly became vivid as the police explained everything to us. All these calls were for the suppliers seeking some drugs or to delivery boys who were late to deliver the drugs. The police had trailed him for a while, though they could not capture him because of the lacking evidence. They wanted to capture him in the act and have as much evidence as possible to convict him. On one of the delivery days, they received a tipoff from one of their undercover agents of a sale.

The effect of Oil prices on the performance of stock markets of the Assignment

The effect of Oil prices on the performance of stock markets of the GCC countries - Assignment Example However, the concentration of the studies is in developed economies their analysis focuses on the impact oil price shocks have on stock returns. To determine the link, there should be an assessment of the changes in the prices of crude oil and the effects of such changes on the equity returns especially in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The assessment is both at country-level and industry-level. Studies show that the stock market in most of the GCC countries shows a significant response to oil price shocks. As per the industries, the shocks have a significant impact on returns of several industries (Mohanty, Nandha, Turkistani, and Alaitani, 2011). A conclusive study of the impact oil prices have on stock prices in GCC countries is, therefore, necessary. There GCC is composed of Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. The Countries mainly import manufactured goods from other developed and developing nations. Any fluctuations in oil prices could therefore indirectly cause effects to GCC markets as they affect the prices of the products they import. A rise in prices of oil may lead to changes in interest rates and all types of investment. The effects of oil price shocks on the returns of stock depend more on how the negative and positive effects outweigh each other (Ravichandran and Alkhathlan, 2010). The GCC stock markets have limitations such as smaller number of listed firms, low sector wise diversification, and large institutional holdings. A key point to note is that GCC countries depend on oil to different extents and the efforts towards diversification, and economic liberalization differs in the different countries (Arouri, Lahiani, and Bellalah, 2010). That is despite them having several charac teristics in common. Among the six members of the GCC, there is a positive relation between changes in oil prices and stock market returns in three countries. The countries are Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab

Biol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biol - Essay Example (Lipstadt 27) Lipstadt is a well-known researcher and historian with a Ph.D. and the professor of Modern Jewish and Holocaust Studies at Emory University. (Alumni, Lipstadt Ph.D.) What Dawkins is discussing is the inevitable progression of people from belief to disbelief to outright lies in the attempt to ignore what we know is true. He later makes the statement that evolution is fact not a theory and that there is a difference between the fact that is evolution and the theory of its journey (Dawkins, Ph.D. FRS, FRSL) Clearly the purpose of this book is to first discredit attempts to disprove evolutionary theory while providing a basis for his approach. It is my opinion that he does a credible job in his approach In continued reading it becomes apparent to me that he has done his research and his proofs abound. His clear delineations between the â€Å"fact† as he calls it and the â€Å"theory† of what drives it tend to be very convincing.

The effect of Oil prices on the performance of stock markets of the Assignment

The effect of Oil prices on the performance of stock markets of the GCC countries - Assignment Example However, the concentration of the studies is in developed economies their analysis focuses on the impact oil price shocks have on stock returns. To determine the link, there should be an assessment of the changes in the prices of crude oil and the effects of such changes on the equity returns especially in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. The assessment is both at country-level and industry-level. Studies show that the stock market in most of the GCC countries shows a significant response to oil price shocks. As per the industries, the shocks have a significant impact on returns of several industries (Mohanty, Nandha, Turkistani, and Alaitani, 2011). A conclusive study of the impact oil prices have on stock prices in GCC countries is, therefore, necessary. There GCC is composed of Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain. The Countries mainly import manufactured goods from other developed and developing nations. Any fluctuations in oil prices could therefore indirectly cause effects to GCC markets as they affect the prices of the products they import. A rise in prices of oil may lead to changes in interest rates and all types of investment. The effects of oil price shocks on the returns of stock depend more on how the negative and positive effects outweigh each other (Ravichandran and Alkhathlan, 2010). The GCC stock markets have limitations such as smaller number of listed firms, low sector wise diversification, and large institutional holdings. A key point to note is that GCC countries depend on oil to different extents and the efforts towards diversification, and economic liberalization differs in the different countries (Arouri, Lahiani, and Bellalah, 2010). That is despite them having several charac teristics in common. Among the six members of the GCC, there is a positive relation between changes in oil prices and stock market returns in three countries. The countries are Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab

HUMAN RESOURCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

HUMAN RESOURCE - Essay Example In this paper we would understand the nature and the role of the learners or the employees in the process of training of the employees. We would undertake the study of the different learning theories and the learning styles of the individuals. Further we undertake the study of the planning and the designing procedures of the training and the development programs. We undertake case studies to evaluate the design of the training programs undertaken in different organizations. We also evaluate the purpose of the evaluation of the programs; finally the study of the initiatives provided by the government in the training of the employees is undertaken. Teaching or development and learning are interactive and two way processes. People are different from each other and have different styles or methods of learning. Teaching is a process of intervening in the learning habits so as to help in the learning procedure. The HRD team aims at involving the employees in new experiences and opportunities. There are different theories that have been developed for the learning styles and the procedures of the subject. Each theory has a different approach to the procedure of learning. Under this section we undertake the study of the learning theories developed by Honey and Mumford (1982) and Kolb (1979) to analyze the different learning styles. Honey and Mumford (1982): Honey and Mumford undertook studies to develop a learning style questionnaire (LSQ), this questionnaire helps in understanding the preferred learning style of a individual. The study of Honey and Mumford (1982) divide the learners and classify them into four different sub groups. The questionnaire developed by them helps the identification and the classification of the individual into the sub group. The groups have been classified according to the traits, environments and the participation of the individuals in the learning procedure. The

Payroll system Essay Example for Free

Payroll system Essay A study or a project of this volume can never be the outcome of a single person or just a mere group of dedicated students. We are indebted to our subject teacher for being the epitome of guidance during the entire project. We are also thankful to our, HOD, Computer science Dept. for their encouragement. Without their help this project would not have seen the light of day. We are happy to present a vote of thanks to them for their sincere advice and co-operation that they have lent us unconditionally. SYNOPSIS : This is in-house system , entirely processed by hand. Where it will used to maintain the set of new employee with salary details, And the calculation of salary. The main output of the system is , to interactively calculate the salary of employee. 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 ORGANIZATION PROFILE : We don’t have any big organizational profile as such. We mainly focus on completing our work within the given stipulated time and also fulfilling the requirements of the end user with our software product. 1. 2 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT : The main purpose of the system is to calculate the monthly salary on the basis of the attendance of employee and the entered salary(included all types of tax and deductions). 1. 3 SYSTEM SPECIFICATION 1. 3. 1 HARDWARE SPECIFICATION : CPU -Intel Core 2 Duo E7300 RAM 1GB (MIN) Hard disk 160GB Operating System Windows XP with Service Pack 3 (CHT) 1. 3. 2 SOFTWARE SPECIFICATION PLATFORM : JAVA IDE : Eclipse DATABASE : Microsoft Access OS : Windows 1. 3. 3 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION : Simple payroll system is implemented in java platform. Main aim of this project is to develop a software application for organization through which they can mange financial information of employees. Using this application organization will manage employee salary. Details are maintained in database for future use. 2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 2. 1EXISTING SYSTEM : In existing system still many organizations use manual methods for managing employees salary. Payments are given to hand which is not a effective method. This method will not provide pay related information for employees when they apply for bank loans. Also, in existing system it is hard to retrieve old data because data is maintained in records there is chances of loosing data in this method. 2. 2 PROPOSED SYSTEM : In order to solve this problem we will develop a payroll system through which different aspects of employee information is maintained. In our system data is managed in centralized database so retrieving old data is easy. Thus , data is got through a single application. 3. CONCLUSION Thus , the information about the employee can be stored and retrieved at anytime , easily using our simple payroll system. 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY www. google.  com http://docs. oracle. com/javase/tutorial/index. html 5. SCOPE OF FUTURE ENHANCEMENT This project has many future applications like it can be used in any of the Retail Outlet of Any Type companies. This project was build keeping in mind all the requirements of these outlets and they can be implemented in any such type of organization with very few modification. With modifications it can be possible for Employee Attendance to control all retail outlets by connecting them through a network. Because of this software all they need is a Server application and any type of connectivity to that server.

Global market strategy for LOréal

Global market strategy for LOrà ©al The word globalization came into limelight in the 80s. Now in 21st century this has become a household name. Some analyst says that this will swallow whole small and mid cap companies but as my perception the whole concept of globalization has changed the scenario of the world. No one have to fear in this scenario. Everyone has a market to trade in. The world has become a single market. The only thing is the survival of the fittest. If you have to survive then you will have to fight. Otherwise you will be thrown out of the market. With the help of globalization many small and mid cap companies have become multibillion dollar enterprises. This has created a whole new trend of entrepreneurship .Now everyone want his share in the business world. Lots of opportunities are opening. Above all, LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetic and beauty company is doing an extraordinary work .LOreal is the one of that kind of company, which is taking full profit of globalization (LOreal: The Beauty of G lobal Branding (intl edition)). As we all now, every coin have two sides, same goes with globalization. It is opening new market, new opportunities, with these it is also bringing new challenges. Because every country has different culture, different government rules and many more factor. So management has a large burden for expanding business. But business is not about only expanding business; it should also be profitable (Strategy Analysis of LOreal). Otherwise there is no need of expansion. So every company has a tough task in maintaining a balance between growth and profit. Also in newer market there are local competitors, who get a lot of subsidies, this makes business worst competition. Also there is a challenge of making a relationship with customers. Customers should feel about products. Product range should be also large, because market is full of different kind of customers. Every customer has a different taste, and to satisfy all of them is a very tough task. There also genre problem, youth like far diff erent thing than older people and middle aged people. The product also should be a household name, like when we go to buy a cold drink we dont ask shopkeeper to give any cold drink. We say them to give either PepsiCo or coke product. This same goes to LOreal, which has now become a household name in many new emerging marketing many countries, where LOreal have started its business has become leader of that market or it is climbing the leader of success too fast. There is a very bigger problem regarding the globalization for the companies about the suitability of the products in new markets. Every country is diversified. Environment and conditions are too different. So product suitability is very important for a global company. These all make research and development section very important for any MNCs. It is like backbone of a company. If any company has to survive in newer market then RD is a very key factor for a company. LOreals RD part is too much smart and innovative. LOreal is leading the market with its new range of product for all genres, all environment. Innovation is very important in todays market. Since every company is coming with a whole new range of products so to survive in market any MNC should be one step ahead from its competitors. LOreal is leading at this front also .Nanotechnology is a key sector now for whole world .it has the largest number of innovation to come in future. Every product is shrinking. It has also touched cosmetic industry. LOreal is the top Patent holder in United States and leading this industry from front. About LOreal LOreal group is the largest cosmetics and Beauty Company of the world in terms of both shares and sales. It has registered office in the city of fashion i.e. Paris and the head office in Paris and Clichy, France .Its area of business spread in the field of cosmetics and other beauty and makeup products both for men and women. LOreal is mainly concentrating on hair color, skin care, sun protection, make-up, perfumes and hair care. LOreal also has a wide interest in the dermatological and pharmaceutical fields and is the top nanotechnology patent-holder in the United States. The idea of LOreal came to mind of a young French chemist Eugene Schuler when he developed a hair dye formula called aureole in 1907 and sold it to local Persian hairdressers after self formulating and manufacturing the product. In 1909, he registered his company as the societal franquise de teintures inoffensives pour cheveux, translated as the safe hair dye company of the France which later came as what is now known as one of the best brands of the world i.e. LOreal (Reddy, 2010) LOreal has 23 global brands with a total gross revenue of $17.5 billion 2009 and $19.5 billion in 2010 and a total profit of $2.4 billion dollar in 2010 which is considered as a very remarkable achievement. Main stock holders of the company are Bettencourt family which holds around 31% of the total shares, nestle which holds around 30%, 2.4% by treasury shares and 36% are publicly traded shares. The current scenario of the global trade between different countries refers to the situation where it is clarified that no country can be independent in terms of economics, or in other words every country is becoming interdependent on each other. The trade between countries is increasing day by day as one country is dependent on another country for satisfy their needs and demands for different products like almost every country in this world is making trade relations with the gulf countries for satisfying their needs for fossil fuels as fossil fuels like patrol and diesels is of immense use in many industries like the automobiles industry, aircraft industry, machinery, almost everywhere. Therefore it is very important to maintain good economic and trade relations with the other countries if a country wants to survive in the global market. LOreal for ex. had increased the scope of trade throughout almost every country of the world, LOreal has to face many problems in the meanwhile like there are many countries who doesnt allows trade relations so flexibly like for ex. Japan had a trade policy that doesnt allows the USA to sell much of their products while they are selling their products to the USA, there are many countries in the world that doesnt allows flexible and open trade relations. The company is facing both tariff and non-tariff related issues in doing trade with the countries, fortunately for LOreal tariff problems had been reduced to a record level but the trade barriers are still one of the major problem that hinders in the way of making trade relations to other countries. Previously LOreal was concentrating on selling its products and doing business deals with countries like Western Europe, United States, and Japan as the market in these countries was very much open for foreign trade and there were not many opportunities for the company to trade, but nowadays as the concept of globalization is spreading around the globe, countries like Latin America, India, china, Russia, Asia, eastern Europe, and Africa are emerging as the major players of the market and is considered the economies that is likely to be the major economies of the world in future, these countries are continuing to open its trade with outside countries and offering policies which are very attractive for companies of different countries. Likewise LOreal is taking advantage of the open market and the concept of globalization and is opening its retail stores in many countries of the world including India and china which are considered the fastest growing economies of the world. This policy adapted by the company is not only helping them in trade with other countries and spread its business across the globe but also giving a firm advantage to peoples of different countries as well as benefitting them with the best technology of different economies. As the consumer now has a very large range of products to chose from, and this is giving LOreal a good competition while increasing its market shares in the global economy. With the introduction of the world trade organization (WTO) the open trade between countries had went up at a record breaking speed in terms of economics and had opened gates for trade among countries. And after the introduction of general agreements of tariff and trades (GATT), LOreal had increased participating in maintaining close economic relations with other countries and also opening their franchises in different countries. LOreal had developed a global management committee for foreign trade as well. After the introduction of the WTO, LOreal had also introduced new products and brands as well under the tag to increase the interest of peoples in the brand. Global marketing strategy As I stated in my introduction part, I shown that globalization is very important in todays world. So for every company there should be a good global marketing strategy. Here are some of the examples of global marketing strategy of LOreal. The four major strategies consists of four Ps i.e. product, price, place, promotion product This is the one of the most important part for marketing strategy for loreal to trade in countries which have all together a different economy. LOreal has five worldwide research and development centers: two in France, one in the U.S. New Jersey; one in Japan Kawasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture; and in 2005, one was established in Shanghai, China. A future facility in the US will be in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. In 1920 the company has only 3 chemists and now it is reaching the peak with a sum of 2000 chemists. Five worldwide research and development centre shows how much dedicated team is of LOreal to fulfill customers satisfaction and make sure what should be the product variations according to the countries. The production and marketing of product Research and Development part has also a lot of cultural problems. Many countries have liberal government and liberal media. But in many part of the world research for new products according to the environment are a sensitive area for LOreal to look for. Like in America group of protestors from the NGO nature watch protested to Company that it continues to test new ingredients on animals without proper measures. So there should be research in proper manner so there should be no protest as it deviates the consumer mind. Ultimately the company has to suffer the revenue with a loss. Moreover selecting a product to sell according to countries is a much bigger task for both the production department and the research and development department. price LOreal has spread its reach in 130 countries and trying to spread it more. It is necessary to expand area to become global and company is best at it. LOreal has 23 global brands which make it a versatile company for all consumers. Large coverage is not of worth if there is not profit. And company is waving flag at this corner, in 2009 it had total revenue of 17.5 billion dollar and in year 2010 it reached to 19.5 billion dollar with increase in net profit. Increase in profit and revenue in this competitive condition is very fruitful for country. But the major emphasis of LOreal is on selecting a price band for all the products which LOreal deals in countries like consider the Asian continent, in Asian continent the price band for products is selected in the range of moderate to low price depending on the country and in the united states the price band for products is very high from the perspective of the Asian continent. So the pricing structure should be the major factor that should be kept in mind and also considering the quality that LOreal delivers. place It has 64,600 employees worldwide. This big dedicated and intelligent team Of LOreal makes operation successful of company and delivers best product to consumers. With large number of human resources also come a lot of problems. Like Problems related to wages and many other issues are painful for any company. But LOreal is handling this very well with no any employee problem that is picture perfect case for LOreal. LOreal has a very good employee base which is very highly qualified as their training methodology is very good, LOreal picks up their employees from the country itself within which they are trading. LOreals strategy changes place to place for ex its strategy of trading in the Asian continent is very much different as that of the European continent and the north American continent as the peoples of the European continent and the north American continent is very much obsessed with the lifestyle and other things but the peoples of the Asian continent is not so obsessed and not so much interested in the lifestyle products like cosmetics and hair products. That is why LOreal has a totally different strategy depending on places they are trading in. promotion To increase market cap sharply, acquisition is so important. So in March 2006, company bought The body shop in 652 million. And thereby promoted themselves among various countries where the companies that LOreal acquainted trades. These acquisitions increased the brand value of LOreal too much. This is good for global strategy of company also company is searching for new fresh opportunities to acquire new few good companies. LOreal is also serving society in many ways .This part is also important in global marketing since these things attaches customers to the company. Company is encouraging an outstanding researcher every year for scientific progress with LOreal-UNESCO Awards for Women in Science. It also organizes LOreal Brainstorm every year with prize money $10000 for students in 43 countries. Thus delivering a message of a company with human values, this helps in promoting themselves around the globe as a descent companies and thus help LOreal to promote themselves and trade healthy business across the globe. These society serving cause make a good relationship with customers also the tag line is important. The companies is changing it as per customers initially the slogan was because Im worth it now has been changed to because were worth it. The shift of us from I makes customer feel nearer. This is best for the company, since company faithful customers are heart of the company. According to the concept of globalization, a company which is guided by and run on the global marketing orientation or philosophy is generally referred to as a global company and so is LOreal a global company according to the concept. The global market analysis says that LOreal should have to focus on a standardized marketing strategy that can be implemented across the boundaries. Global strategies for different continents Asian continent Consider for ex Asia, most of the countries in the Asian continent are developing countries like India, china, Indonesia, and sri lanka etc. the economies of these countries are considered developing. And in the future these countries like India and china promises to be a fully developed and one of the biggest economies. And moreover India is one of the hot spots for global cosmetic players like LOreal. Therefore LOreal needs to definitely look upon to the pricing strategies and product specifications in great details; moreover there are some more objectives that LOreal need to look upon to improve their business in India. LOreal has various strategies and concerns that needs to be sharpen, LOreal is focusing on to adopt local culture for the development and promotion of their product in the Asian subcontinent. The major business of LOreal in the Asian continent is divided in two parts first in the developed countries like Japan, Singapore, and UAE etc. and second in the developing countries that majorly includes India and china. LOreal is having a very good strategy for selling their products in the European continent. As the peoples of the Asian continent is not so obsessed with the premium products and is satisfied with simple daily use products of LOreal, therefore LOreal is having emphasis on only selling their regular use products in the Asian continent and not very much obsessed with selling their premium products in the Asian continent. Therefore LOreal is developing strategies for trading in these countries, for e.g. take India for consideration, LOreal is going local on all levels for trading in India, as they have a totally different pricing structure for the peoples of India plus they are having an Indian brand ambassador for promoting their brand in the country. These strategies are enabling LOreal to improve their trading in the Asian continent. The major thing that LOreal is focusing right now is the promotion of their brand on a grand level so that they can trade with more and more countries of Asia. Loreal in India LOreal entered into the India market in the year 1997 in order to capture the loophole in the hairdressing industry in the country as there was not a sniff of structure in this industry. At present the hair industry of the country has Rs. 200 Crore business and LOreal is the market leader in the hairdressing industry in the country. LOreal professional products are very well known in the country and the company spends a big amount of the manufacturing into the research and development of the products. The main strategy on which the company works in India is that it skims top 100 cities of the country and created largest salon bases which contribute around 40 percent of the total revenue by LOreal. Many of the competitors in the country try to follow same strategies but could not reach the same level (LOreals success story in India, 2005). European continent As European continent is the base and the major market of LOreal therefore LOreal is focusing more and more on trading in the European continent that includes majorly Paris, England, Germany, and the Italy. These countries i.e. Italy and France are considered as the fashion capital of the world and as LOreal is based in the France therefore the major emphasis of LOreal is to deliver best in quality products for the peoples of the European continent so as to earn customer satisfaction and also to promote them. The major emphasis of LOreal is to make a firm base in the European cosmetics market and the pricing structure of LOreal is also of premium category in the European market as the peoples of Europe is considered rich and wealthy in terms of economy and moreover the lifestyle of the peoples in the European continent is such that LOreal can make at most advantage of that in terms of sales and promotion. According to figures the European continent is the biggest consumer of the products made by LOreal. The main advantage that LOreal enjoys of trading in the European continent is that the culture of the peoples of the European continent is very advanced and they could pay whatever it takes for a cheerful and healthy lifestyle. Not only the women but mans are also very much obsessed about the living lifestyle in terms of looks and presentation. LOreal is having a lot of consumers for the consumption of their premium products in the European continent therefore they have no need to change strategies to deal on the premium products in the European continent. LOreal is getting a very good competition from other brands in this field, therefore they needs to focus on their pricing and promotional strategies to trade in the European continent. LOreal in Italy In order to get success in the beauty product sector, LOreal employed more than 2000 employees and got more than one billion Euros. Company created several offices all around the world. The problem with the directors of Loreal in Italy was to manage the information as there was not effective flow of information and also decision making in the company was poor. In order to give a dramatic impact on the productivity of LOreal in Italy, management of the company proposed a better management of the email and improvement in access to the corporate data in order to improve the informational flow and decision making of the company so that the productivity of the company could be better. This was the main strategy played by LOreal in Italy (Lano, 2008). North American continent Like the European continent, the peoples of the north American continent is also very much obsessed about their looks and presentation, therefore LOreal has a very good chance to trade in this country and that is what LOreal is doing for past many decades, the major consumers of LOreal in the north American continent is from the united states of America and the Canada. As the United States of America is the biggest economy till date therefore LOreals business is blooming in the states. The major states of the USA such as New York which is one of the fashion capitals of the world and the Las Vegas and the Los Angeles which is considered as one of the most happening cities of the world where people is highly obliged to fashion, LOreal has the biggest market in the US after the European countries like France and Italy. LOreal is also facing a great challenge from other major competitors of the USA but still they are finding themselves at the top of the list because of their policies of products, promotion and pricing according to the place. The peoples of the north American continent can afford premium products therefore the main source business of LOreal in the north American continent is the premium products unlike the Asian continent where people are not very much interested in the premium products. The peoples of the North American continent mainly youths are very much impressed with the products offered by LOreal, and the pricing structure of the products of LOreal is also very nominal in these countries therefore people are keen to use these products. LOreal in US LOreal success in US mainly depends on the anti aging cream which has been launched in recent time in the country. It is predicted that future success of LOreal in the country mainly depends on this product by LOreal. Main reason behind this is that anti aging skin care cream has the marketing leading growth in the country and there is more and more number of competitors emerging with this product in the market. Hence, it has become necessary for the company to keep a real focus on the anti aging cream segment. Skin care segment in US is heavily competitive and hence LOreal research team is trying to maintain its share in the market of 13.5 percent and is not focusing to increase the share (Pitman, 2010). LOreal in Mexico In order to get success in the beauty industry in Mexico, LOreal Mexico has chosen Digimind for the marketing and intelligence need for the company. Company mainly focuses on the innovation and creating a large customer base with new and successful product line for the customers. In Mexico, LOreal has been one of the leading cosmetic companies and has a real quest for the innovation and excellence. Digimind has been hired by the company which is considered as one of eh most profitable company since its inception and has a constant growth rate of 50 percent (LOreal Mexico trusts Digimind for its Competitive Intelligence system, 2010). Oceania Oceania includes countries such as Hawaii, Philippines, and some minor islands such as Bonin Islands etc. The trading links of LOreal is not so much in these countries but it is increasing day by day since the concept of globalization is introduced, LOreal promises to have a very good trade in these countries in the future as the trade of LOreal is growing. The major product that is consumed in these countries includes sunscreen and other products like body lotions and other sun blocking creams. The strategy of LOreal to deal in the Oceania subcontinent is quite different from what we have discussed earlier. The pricing structure of the products of LOreal is very much in accordance to the needs and demands of the peoples of the Oceania subcontinent. The Oceania subcontinent is still to be explored by LOreal and LOreal is promised to do a good trading business in the subcontinent as the needs of peoples in this subcontinent is shifting from mere sun screen to other products offered by LOreal. Understanding of different cultural distinctions for international market The knowledge of different cultures is very important for LOreal in order to make a firm base in the market of any country. The different factors that are very important for LOreal to look upon are: The effect of culture of the country is one of the major aspects that LOreal needs to look upon as cultural factors like whether the country is agriculture based or industry based country had a direct impact on the survival of the company in the targeted country, the understanding of the cultural variations is also very important for any company in order to make business and forming a firm base for their products in an economy. The success of any multinational company or a specific product depends very much on the purchasing power of the peoples of that country and also the effect and success of the product in the country. For ex. LOreal is having a different pricing structure for different country and also the product specification changes according to the culture for e.g. the product used in England may be of no use in Asian country and vice-versa. Therefore before making a trade with any organization or country it is very important for LOreal to check out the feasibility of the pr oduct in that country and the end user. Effect of geography is also a very important factor that should be kept in mind while trading with any country. For LOreal especially this factor is of immense importance in deciding the feasibility of trade with the country because there are many things that should be kept in mind while doing any trade within any country like checking out the feasibility of the transportation and goods to places like countries in which terrains are very rocky and full of mountains and plateau it is very hard for LOreal to transport its products through any mode of road and by air if there is not an efficient air transport services in the country, though it is easy for the storage of cream and related products in such type of areas in which the temperature are low. On the other hand if the road transport system is good in some place then there is a possibility that the place lies in a tropical region where the temperature is very high therefore it would be very difficult for the company to have a pro per storage at a low temperature. Therefore feasibility of the trade in geography like this should also be considered (Wahlen, 2006). Technology and economics should be considered while having a trade between any countries. I.e. the project manager who is working on to check the feasibility and the trade chances with the country should also see if the country have enough technological advancement so that they can store and produce their goods at the place itself i.e. constructing a manufacturing unit rather than importing the product from the head manufacturing unit in the parent company. Thus this is very important for LOreal to make sure if the companies to whom they are going to make trade relations are equipped with advanced technology so that they can produce the products in the quantity they want to without having many problems. Another important thing that should be kept in mind is the economic condition of the country i.e. the company has to be made sure that if they are investing some money in a project of establishing a business in a country than they are getting enough returns in turn, and that could onl y be defined by the economic condition of the country like in the western European countries like France and England and in the united states where the economy is very solid and established it is very easy to LOreal to have a better customer base, and likewise LOreal can invest much money in the developing countries like India, china or Latin American countries where the lifestyle of peoples is enhancing and peoples are more keen to use products that are considered luxury and of a very high quality. Another major point that LOreal should kept in mind while doing trade within any different country is the political economy of that country i.e. the policies of doing trade within that country like for e.g. the united states are having a very open trade policy which allows any company to trade within the country without having much restrictions of trading, but in some countries like the china and Japan who is not so open in terms of open trading and lays emphasis on selling their own country made products rather than supporting some foreign brand, therefore it would be very difficult for LOreal to have a business base in these countries, and in countries like India which is a developing economy and which allows trading without having much restrictions and peoples of whom are developing with the developing economy with change in the lifestyle (Comezz). Therefore the major things that should be kept in mind for LOreal while doing business in the global market according to the very concept of globalization is to form an effective global strategic team for defining the trading policies to work in any country, the globalization strategy should comprises of major factors like cultural differences, economic policies of the country etc. moreover the changing lifestyles of the peoples and the rapidly changing economies should also be kept in mind